
Since PA cephalograms have no ruler to correct the magnification factor, it was a challenge to standardize the image. The machine was operated in voltage of 74 kV and 6 mA current for adult patients.
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For manual tracing, hard copies of images were obtained on 8’’×10’’ radiographic film using compatible X-ray printer (Drystar 5302, Agfa HealthCare NV, Mortsel, Belgium). All the cephalograms acquired were taken from the same digital cephalometer (STRATO 2000 Digital Version, Villa Sistemi Medicali, Italy ×1.1). A total of sixty pretreatment PA cephalogram of patients were obtained from the cephalometric database of a postgraduate orthodontic clinic. Materials and Methods The study was started after obtaining institutional ethics Figure 1: Human dry skull with 0.5 lead bullets approval.
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In computerized cephalometric analysis, once the requested landmarks have been entered, the software automatically calculates distances and angles, thus eliminating errors that may occur in hand tracing when drawing lines with a ruler and measuring angles with a protractor.

It allows us to look at the facial skeleton in relative view of the right-left face and upper lower face. The posteroanterior (PA) cephalogram offers effective tools in evaluating the craniofacial structure in transverse and vertical dimension. Sangroula, et al.: Reliability and validity assessment of PA cephalometric measurements obtained from AutoCEPH software effective evaluation with high rate of reproducibility.

Sangroula, Pradip Sardana, Harish Kumar Kharbanda, Om Prakash Duggal, Ritu Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Posteroanterior Cephalometric Measurements Obtained from AutoCEPH© and Dolphin® Cephalometric Software Programs with Manual Tracing Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Posteroanterior Cephalometric Measurements Obtained.
